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1.0. Overview
1.1. Background and history of guidance and counseling Primary School practices and other settings
The history of school counseling officially started at the turn of the twentieth century, though a case could be the foundations of searching advice and guidance principles of ancient Greece and Rome to the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle . There is also evidence to argue that some of the techniques and skills of today’s consultants practicing Catholic priests in the Middle Ages, as shown by the dedication to the concept of confidentiality in the confessional. Near the end of the sixteenth century, one of the first texts career opportunities have emerged: The Universal Plaza every profession in the world (1626), cited by Tomaso Garzoni Guez, Allen W. & J. (2000). However, using the formal orientation programs, special textbooks can not start until the turn of the twentieth century.
counseling is a concept that has long been in Tanzania. He asked for the ages to understand ourselves, providing advice and developing the potential to become aware of opportunities and generally help ourselves as informal guidance relating to practice. In most communities, there has been and still is a deeply embedded belief that under the right conditions, people can help others with their problems. Some people help others find a way to resolve dealing with, or need to move beyond the problems Nwoye, (2009) in his writings provided. In schools where currently the cooperation between teachers and students is good, the students will learn practical ways. Youth is a degree of freedom in their lives, as they become aware of opportunities and take advantage of them. The best, allowing people to throw off the chains and manage life situations effectively. Unprecedented economic and social changes over the years have changed the ways in which to manage our lives. Therefore, not all the lessons of the past can effectively deal with the challenges of modern times. Effective counseling, especially in institutions of learning today is important. Boys and girls, and young men and women, must be returned to the links between health and the environment, the desired skills, knowledge and attitudes that lead to success and failure in life. The need for counseling has become a prominent promote the well-being of the child. Effective guidance and advice to improve the self-image of young people and to promote life tasks. Counseling must empower girls and boys to participate fully in and benefit from, the economic and social development of the nation.
2.0. Definitions
2.1. Guidance
Guide will guide the actions of individuals like adolescents who can not find the right way. It directs, pointing leadership and supervision. The guidance says “Yes”, he asks for help. He says, “Yes” to the invitation, he wanted to temporary companion along the journey of life.
Guide provides guidance on the lonely, confused, unloved, the suffering, the sick and the lost. This points to the thinking, feeling and action of certain opportunities. It is the leader of the people spiritually, emotionally, mentally and even some of the newer methods of intelligent life. They accompany those who are afraid and uncertain, who need someone along the rugged path of life.
objective point of view guidance is part of the consulting profession. It’s called directive counseling. High school students and even guidance you need, if you do not know how to take a decision, or in what direction you should take. The counsel to “open” a world of opportunities for these individuals to choose from. It’s like show in space, when everything that a person sees the lonely planet Earth. The consultant enlarges and broadens the horizon who sees only a narrow path or a hidden account this way. Thus, the focus of opportunities and choices.
guidelines Usually happens in schools. High school and college students use counseling services at the school. More often, young people do not know what to do, how to react or respond, and how to proceed with certain decisions. If this happens, you need someone older, wiser and more experienced to show them the way to lead them. This is the role of counsel, to extend help when needed, who are confused, uncertain and need advice. However, some adults also need guidance.
2.2. Consulting:
led by consultants and so on. It is a way of healing sore. It is both science and art. It is a science because they provide advice, assistance or advice, the advisor should be the knowledge of the basic principles and techniques of counseling. The consultant should be able to use these principles and techniques paradigms to give advice as well. However, it is not enough to be able to use these principles and techniques. The other important aspect is that the counselor to know how to advise the art of counseling. This aspect holds counseling as a relationship, such as the common life, in the hope that the person who is hurt is healed. Because of the relationship, advice includes physical, emotional, and psychological or spiritual dimensions. The consultant should be able to relate to the corresponding lawyer physical way, without being too intimate or too close for comfort or too remote or aloof. The emotional dimension involves counseling empathy, sensitivity, and the ability to interpret non-verbal signals lawyer to understand pent-up emotions or unresolved complexes. The psychological or spiritual dimension embraces the lawyer of the “soul-content” — what lies inside. This is what is called the interiority of the person. The consultant must be a gift or grace of catching a glimpse of the inner world of a person, especially a state of mind, because it is very important for the healing of the human race.
2.3. Other defining the concept of
Biswalo (1996) defines guidelines for the term, in the process helping to gain their understanding and self-direction (self-making), so that they can set the maximum to his home, school or community environment. This process, however, depends advice. It also defines counseling as a process, helping to accept and use the information and advice that still does not solve the problem, or deal with it successfully reported. He goes on to indicate that the process sometimes helps the individual to accept an unchangeable situation such as the loss of loved dearly, and to some extent changed in their favor and not let himself be overcome the situation. Guez and Allen (2000) noted that it is difficult to think of a single definition for advice. This is because definitions of counseling depends on the theoretical orientation. Counselling is a learning process-oriented that it is usually an interactive relationship, with the aim to help people learn more about me and the kind of understanding that the person will be effective members of society. Counselling is a process by which the helper expresses its concern and care towards persons of the problem and helps to ensure that the individual’s personal growth and bring change through self-knowledge. Counseling is a relationship between a person and a person involved needed. This relationship is usually the person-to-person, although sometimes there may be more than two people. It is designed to help people to understand and clarify their positions and learn how to achieve that implementation of the objectives set their own intelligent, well-informed decisions, and through the resolution of emotional or personal problems. It can be seen from these definitions that the advice may have different meanings.
3.0. Original advisory pre-colonial era practice
Consulting Tanzania in different forms and different interpretations existed in societies long before the colonial era. The differences and contradictions of today, the origin of the social and historical forces that have shaped modern culture. In Tanzania, people in every society and every time, experienced emotional or psychological stress and behavioral issues. Every culture, there are proven ways and methods to help individuals with problems. But the lack of written sources origin of advisory practice in schools in Tanzania. But like other places, before the colonial era it was an outstanding individual elements, which are held together with the society for their livelihood. The elements of the extended family system, including the clan and tribe, chieftaincy, taboos, various forms of close relationships, and the originator of ancestors and elders.
The village center of society. Although each one of these elements is important, but is used by some to illustrate the role of guidance and counseling in Tanzania today’s societies. Basically, the traditional chiefs had several roles include the symbol of authority and control. As accepted and respected in all, we had a clear direction on a day-to-day affairs of the society in these roles. The elders and the people in it, it was a valuable resource for advisers boys and girls. In most cases, the bosses were considered vital link between the ancestors and the present generation. This link is strengthened by the rituals, ceremonies and taboos attached to them. It was not easy to guide and counsel the young because of rituals or ceremonies aimed at preparation for adult roles in society. The extended family, the clan and the village was social support. No individual considered him / herself as a stranger. Updated advice was sought and granted. The guidance and counseling were given advice and participate in the sharing of wisdom.
4.0. The development consulting practices in Tanzanian schools
4.1. Guidance and counseling practices in Tanzanian schools Trends
These include the implementation of all because we are thinking of concepts in the school environment, we need to think about the meaning of education consulting discipline. Think of the definitions given above, the term counseling, their meanings can be directed to the field of education and now gives the correct meaning. Guez and Allen (2000) pointed out that the term educational counseling was first coined Truman Kelley in 1914 Makinde (1988), educational counseling is a process that services are provided to students who need help in important aspects of decision making in education as elective courses and studies, decisions interests and abilities, as well as the electoral college and high school. Child guidance to increase the knowledge of the student’s educational opportunities.
The growing complexity of society in Tanzania, coupled with social problems such as HIV / AIDS and the rapid development of science and technology, and place heavy demands on education. The school as an important social institution, was obliged to adapt quickly to the changing patterns and help citizens prepare for tomorrow’s challenges. This is where guidance and advice of the education system should help both boys and girls to develop their full ability. These include the intellectual, social, physical and moral capabilities. This assistance is the most important in Tanzania as the history and educational supply and systems of the era found today.
due to the development of Career Guidance Practices Tanzanian schools when it comes to training emerging directly from the colonial period. In the process of establishing advisory services in Tanzania it was necessary to first understand the underlying factors that influence people’s beliefs and perceptions of such practices. This, however, thought that was not taken into consideration at the time, and it may take up to lately. It is particularly important to understand the economic, social, political, religious, cultural customs and traditions, and cultural changes that are present in different regions of the country. Young people must be understood in this context, but the paradoxical situation of having to face the traditional and the modern world, but it is a great challenge to many developing countries in Africa and Tanzania. The colonial period was in some way under the guidance of career guidance and career has been administered masters. But the career masters who were schools were selected by the head of non-professional training in vocational guidance. In fact, the tax was limited to help students fill out employment forms and writing letters of application. The missionary school guidance confined to places of worship. The teachers, who are usually “fathers”, pastors, reverends or spiritually guided and educated young people tends to become sisters, brothers, fathers and pastors after the completion of the school.
Besides, what could be done in schools in Tanzania, guidance and advice is more or less a private family matter. Parents and relatives of children advice on all matters of life management and problem solving. It is true that in many families the tax was a general guide to the traditional duty of senior members of the family, father, mother, uncle, aunt and grandparents. In the event of a serious personal or family problems, counseling was conducted by a specially organized the community as a competent management of a specific problem. This has been, without knowing formal or informal education system, but also accumulated experience and wisdom through age wise. This kind of early form of counseling in the school environment and the community in helping young people to enter the picture clear in the future that for the society.
4.2. Guidance and counseling practices in Tanzanian schools postcolonial era
Several references and resources, guidance and counseling education sector in Tanzania and several other African countries considered to be the youngest discipline. This is supported by the first international conference guidance, counseling and youth development in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya April 22 to 26, 2002, pointed out that the guidance, counseling and youth development programs in Africa was launched in April 1994, after the first African Conference on Girls education that was Ouagadougou in 1993, is designed to introduce or strengthen guidance and counseling in African countries. It focuses on capacity building and training in the countries concerned, both regional and national levels on issues advisory to schools and colleges.
What we call the professional guidance and counseling in schools in Tanzania National begins after the 1984 Arusha Conference in October 1984, where the counseling activities approved by the Government and is an integral part of the country’s education system (Biswalo, 1996). The conference aims to systematically aspects of high school “guidance and counseling. Students are then notified, the selection of guided and involving advice on matters jobs and student placement of additional education. This work was assigned to career masters and lovers as explained below, however, was not enough to counseling staff is not only the relevant ministry, but also in schools.
guidance and counseling is now becoming slowly institutionalized and widespread in schools. schools, for example, to a large extent taken over the task of psychological support for boys and girls . However Biswalo (1996) writes that counsel for the Tanzanian policies is still missing. However, the Ministry of education was trying to institutionalize services designated career masters within the education system and mistresses. he continued that charged with the responsibility of staff to advise heads of secondary schools the selection of students and student work placement for further education; to try to help students understand and develop sufficient interest in employment or further training; to assess the talents and abilities of students and to encourage them to pursue their careers further education best suited to them and to help students solve their personal problems that may affect the overall progress in school.
This is an impossible and unrealistic burden on these untrained personnel. This reflects the apathy of the policy makers with regard to the new area of career guidance in schools; the strength of the myth planned labor in which career guidance is wrongly seen as unnecessary and gross lack of skilled workers who are effective in counseling activities in schools. It is unfortunate that even after the National Conference in Arusha in October 1984 to strengthen education in Tanzania, where advisory services approved by the government and the country’s education system is an integral part of the modern service still incomplete and ineffective educational institutions in Tanzania. Guidance and counseling are discussed in this way the scientists in different primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education together.
5.0. Guidance and counseling practices in primary and secondary schools
The primary level in Tanzania in fact they were not and are not currently students in teacher-advisers. However, the activity of the teachers themselves will decide what to do, because there is no guidance and advice on programmed or scheduled activities. Teachers are left to exercise outside of the teaching and guidance counseling, as well as in the classroom, although not all teachers went to teacher training consultant. As orientation of the kids at school is required school itself, the environment, community and school curriculum to motivate and develop positive attitudes to learning and the school community, and (Biswalo, 1996). As the students grow and pass through different stages should be directed to the student’s abilities to overcome the problems associated with learning disabilities and other school. But this activity is not carried out regularly in the primary school in Tanzania.
In the case of the guidance and counseling of students in secondary schools till there is insufficient or advanced programmable system scheduled. In some cases this duty to remain disciplined and sometimes masters class masters and head of schools. Secondary school level, students would seek educational pursuits of the educational opportunities of all kinds of information and help each other. These requirements ensure that the educational guidance and counseling (ibid). At this level, the students helped subjects usage, learning techniques and assessment tests. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that while sometimes subject choice is the pride helyezésről many students as possible in the prestigious streams like science, takes precedence over the actual abilities, interests and aptitudes of the students. He said that this unfortunate situation has been the lack of genuine educational guidance and counseling services in secondary schools.
The school plays an important role in preparing students for continuing secondary education, paid employment, self-employment and community life, the Ministry of Education of clearly defined objectives for the secondary curriculum. Perhaps uniquely, it would not be full agreement among pupils, teachers and parents over the relative emphasis placed on preparing some schools, education, which focuses on the scientific knowledge and the pursuit of success in national examinations. That is, in secondary schools, where the counseling is not done well placed little emphasis on citizenship and the development of a responsible attitude in the community life, local, regional or national level, and employment opportunities. However, what is not pronounced in the informal sector, including self-employment, but with an emphasis on employment in the formal sector for its implied emphasis on white-collar jobs.
5.1. Professional, career counseling
Tanzania, teachers are able to directly influence students’ choice of career. The students’ achievements and attitudes have been shown to be related to the characteristics and achievements of teachers (World Bank, 1995; quoted Nyutu, PN CG & Norman, 2008). However, the influence of the school depends on the interaction and communication that takes place between teachers and pupils, and pupils act in informal interactions with them through the television and radio media. The influence of parents and siblings through formal and informal means.
In most cases, the Tanzanian and there may be other states where the advice is rarely in schools; parents play a big role to influence the path of the selected children. Others who have lower levels of career, that is, teachers, officials, managers, personal assistants, soldiers, etc. can not be organized for children after them, “because the children who are able to learn to a higher level sometimes saw these jobs narrow and lacks interest. However, we recommend that the parents job to influence children’s choice of career, but it happened to children who have general skills useful for these jobs, and some may expertise relevant means jobs. access to information by the media and other technologies provide an opportunity youth aspirations, that in most cases, can not be met in their own environment should be taken. decisions and young people need to acquire the skills to assess the situation and make informed decisions. There is no longer a natural, understandable to the birth to adulthood in Tanzanian youth.
professional guidance is at secondary school level, but very few inter alia, because of the lack of trained counselors at school or work. Those lucky schools such advisers students helped but professional advice and did not stress, because most of the students, teachers and of course the parents pushing students to long-term plans to study to do well to prepare for the planned orbit. They are planning advisors school administrators and teachers to the appropriate class placement of students with special abilities or disabilities, of course, the selection of students.
5.2. Higher
The post-secondary students are provided with orientation and other educational guidance and counseling. In Tanzania, at least to fulfill the need for the tertiary level, students are trained as counselors and psychological scientists, though they are few. Here advisors play a big role in the compilation of comprehensive information on all aspects of training for a career in the institution. Consultants sometimes integrated into the organization in the field of administration practicality department or agency which employs exercises for students and perhaps even fewer connections (Biswalo, 1996).
6.0. The concept of career counseling in Tanzania
According to the research of the Plain (2004), mentoring is not yet recognized as a separate profession in Tanzania and many other African countries. However, the coming and setting of HIV / AIDS in the country has ratified the base counseling. This is especially because of the diverse nature of the HIV / AIDS epidemic, whose attention, unlike other human diseases goes beyond the prerogatives of the medical profession. So counseling is considered a crucial avenue and hit people infected with the plague of adequate and relevant information, as well as social and psychological support by preventing HIV infection. Same continued saying that, however, since the emergence of the epidemic in the country, a number of non-governmental organizations have been offering counseling services offered there is lack of clarity on the type and nature of consulting services by these organizations. The nature and characteristics of counseling clients remain vague.
Tanzania professional advice as above is a relatively new phenomenon. Outwater (1995) cited Plain (2004) noted that before the HIV / AIDS epidemic, there was no formal advisory service Tanzanian hospitals, there are no professional counselors and non-formal education system consultants. There was a need training for this shortcoming as many consultants as possible to the optimal care of AIDS patients and their relatives (NACP, 1989; quoted ibid). Since then, many para-professional counselors have been trained in the basic skills and counseling. Currently he is working on a number of advisory centers not only the problems of HIV / AIDS, but also to treat a variety of problems Tanzanians. However, as the consultation became popular with the advent of HIV / AIDS, many people assume that it is only meant that people infected and HIV / AIDS and stayed away for fear that the candidate (Sima, 2002; quoted Sima 2004).
7.0. Problems and challenges
The Tanzanian government was not in spite of guidance and advice on educational policy issues and the need for decisive schools. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that counsel for the Tanzanian policies is still missing. He continued that efforts to meet the guidance and counseling needs apparently thwarted a number of difficulties, including the financial resources to support the consulting activities have created small number of schools.
advice Tanzania today is a relatively new phenomenon. They do not have enough trained counselors in schools and other educational institutions. However, there are a limited number of trained counselors, or they are not well utilized in schools, or other activities instead of what trained. Some school teachers and counselors in the utilization of their teaching duties. More surprising advice considered crucial avenue just by preventing HIV infection, adequate and relevant information, as well as social and psychological support to people infected and affected by HIV / AIDS (Plain, 2004).
There is slow growth guidance counseling and educational systems can be attributed to lack of money, training opportunities, and high-traffic consultants to green pastures and well-trained counselors. For example, many schools do not have consultants, trained teachers, counselors and counseling facilities. As for the sources there are various options that can be examined to alleviate the financial constraints. Special schools need to approach parents on behalf of non-governmental organizations.
The fact setting up a solid professional counseling associations in Tanzania standards of good practice is another challenge (Nwoye, 2008). In addition, a professional counselor training programs are not available in Tanzania colleges and universities is another contributing challenge. efforts
advice does not have to develop curriculum in secondary schools and colleges and career counseling courses at the university. Guide services and flexible curriculum was structured to manage the five content areas, notably human relationships, career, social values, personal development and learning skills.
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Source by Eugene Shayo